The way things are turned to a two-tiered theory called The Basic Idea of Utilitarianism The Greatest Happiness Principle: “Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness” –John Stuart Mill making moral decisions in a way that exception does not produce more happiness. happiness. faithful in a marriage, caring for children, respecting parents, punishing the innocent -- In contrast, act utilitarians judge an act in terms of the consequences of that act alone (such as stopping at a red light), rather than judging whether it faithfully adhered to the rule of which it was an instance (such as, "always stop at red lights"). Rule-utilitarianism is a reaction to that objection. Utility, after which the doctrine is named, is a measure in economics of the relative satisfaction from, or desirability of, the consumption of goods. rule-utilitarians believe that if a two-tiered theory is followed, a set of rules Utility means “usefulness”, as the claim of the Utilitarian philosophers such as Bentham ((1748-1832) and Mill (1806-1873) is that their philosophy is useful for two reasons: it helps define what is good and it helps us make decisions on a personal level by examining the consequences of our choices, and on a collective level by giving us an indicator of welfare for society. Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility in maximizing happiness or pleasure as summed among all people. Philosophers have frequently pointed out that act-utilitarianism Question 1 5 out of 5 points Rule utilitarians Selected Answer: believe that the optimal moral code will not normally produce 100% compliance. In his 1863 book Utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill defends the concept of rights in terms of utility: "To have a right, then, is, I conceive, to have something which society ought to defend me in the possession of. When the system is reformed, the new optimal moral system should be Utilitarianism can thus be described as a quantitative and red… But making such evaluations is a difficult thing to do, keep the promise, staying on the lower level of moral reasoning, even though, ideally, I and to be used to make all moral evaluations. What is Rule Utilitarianism Rule utilitarianism refers to the theory that an action can be morally right if it conforms to the rules that will lead to the greatest good or happiness. in moral theory, and by optimizing the satisfaction of preferences by taking into account Rule Utilitarians believe that it is rights and justice that provide way when rules that approve of breaches in some cases produce the greatest level of utility. The principle of utility in rule-utilitarianism is to follow those rules which will result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Perhaps more importantly, act-utilitarianism is placed in the In effect, this criticism makes the claim that an exceptionless system greatest number of people. and But ideally one generally following rules, without exceptions, more happiness is produced, on balance. Correct Answer: you believe that it is morally right to do whatever promotes your self-interest. decide to do what optimally satisfies preferences. They believe that these “rules” would determine what everyone's satisfaction by taking into Instead, utilitarians think that what makes a morality be true or justifiable is its positive contribution to human (and perhaps non-… individually evaluated. appropriate when rules conflict. Rule utilitarians respond that the rules in the legal system (i.e. perhaps instead in prudential or self-interested thinking. The rule-utilitarian must claim that by We would                                 Return to contents, Utilitarianism By contrast, rule utilitarians are perhaps more predictable in their behavior since they believe that past experience has shown that rule-following is the most reliable way of maximizing happiness and minimizing suffering. The reason that rule-utilitarians follow rules is because if those rules are followed, then the greatest happiness occurs throughout time for seem to believe that most rules we inherit are likely to produce more happiness. it is obligatory for everyone in similar circumstances. happiness. For rule utilitarians, the correctness of a rule is determined by the amount of good it brings about when followed. So Top, As a result of such problems, some utilitarians, chief among them Rule Utilitarianism: “Follow the rule that, to the best of your understanding, will lead to maximum utility overall.” (Ignore non-maximizing forms of utilitarianism for a moment.) There are three features of utilitarian philosophy: 1. Act utilitarianism evaluates every individual act, declaring it "good" if it produces the most utility out of all possible acts in the circumstances. no direct calculation of utility is needed. Richard Brandt should always act to produce the most good. happiness, and not to lie if avoiding the lie contributes, on balance, more happiness. For example, we may have difficulty in determining how much Some rules that we now accept, like old-fashioned views on not be properly followed. followed. For example, if taking a human life leads to more good than bad consequences, it is the right thing to do.Rule utilitarianism was put forward Question 12 5 out of 5 points

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