Accurate and timely weather forecast is needed in planning the day-to-day activities and to serve as early warning system. Location of cases A and B flood events and the distribution of the Ghana Meteorological Agency’s weather observation stations (red dots). The mean ADMR is 86.62 mm with a standard deviation of 22.25, as shown in Figure 9(c), where N is 57, representing the total number of years of data used. Meteorological Analysis of Floods in Ghana, Ghana Meteorological Agency, Accra, Ghana, Ghana Space Science and Technology Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Kwabenya, Ghana, R. Few, “Flooding, vulnerability and coping strategies: local responses to a global threat,”, P. Tschakert, R. Sagoe, G. Ofori-Darko, and S. N. Codjoe, “Floods in the sahel: an analysis of anomalies, memory, and anticipatory learning,”, I. Douglas, K. Alam, M. Maghenda, Y. Mcdonnell, L. McLean, and J. Campbell, “Unjust waters: climate change, flooding and the urban poor in Africa,”. The waste generated mostly ends up in the drains and is washed into water bodies which ultimately end up in the sea. Temperatures in Ghana are expected to continue rising in the future, rainfall in the rainy season and drought in the dry season will increase and cause socio-economic damage. This flooding incident and an explosion of a fuel filling station at Kwame Nkrumah Circle, a suburb of Accra, claimed over 150 lives and destroyed lots of properties while displacing hundreds of people. The rainy season in Ghana starts in April and lasts all the way up to October. This shows most flood events below the threshold. It is interesting to note that Accra’s first three highest ADMR values were higher than those of Kumasi. The rainfall distribution for Kumasi shows that 68% of the area of normal distribution was between 64.37 mm and 108.87 mm, which implies that most rainfalls were within the 1st z-score distribution value. To quantify the frequency of anomalous rainfall events and to determine the strength of the thunderstorm, we conducted trend analysis that showed an increasing trend for Accra with slope of 0.045 and a decreasing trend for Kumasi with slope of –0.07. With determination and focus, we were able to prepare a Register that recorded seventeen million and twenty-seven thousand, six hundred and forty-one (17,027,641) eligible voters in just 38 days in the rainy season of Ghana. WMO leads new flood and drought management project for Volta Basin. The climate of Ghana is tropical and there are two main seasons: the wet and the dry seasons. This anomaly could be attributed to seasonal to subseasonal variations. The 12 UTC and 18 UTC prognostic charts used for the 18th and 28th of June 2018 forecast preparation were retrieved and examined. During the rainy season, the country is influenced by the maritime air mass due to the intensification of northward ridging of the St. Helena high-pressure system, which drives moisture into the subregion, while the Azores high-pressure system weakens. 2020, Article ID 4230627, 14 pages, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4230627, 1Ghana Meteorological Agency, Accra, Ghana, 2Ghana Space Science and Technology Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Kwabenya, Ghana. Moreover, tidal waves on that day were high, which were aided by low surface pressure over the coastal area for the entire period of the event. These include studies focusing on dynamics of the West African Monsoon [15] and onset, cessation, and length of rainfall season [16–18]. Tel: +233 234-972-832 or +1-508-812-0505 Contact us: [email protected] Accra showed fewer days with more heavy rainfall, while Kumasi showed more days with less heavy rainfalls. The most affected countries were Burkina Faso, Senegal, Niger, and Ghana. Is Ghana ready for 2020 raining season which is about to start? Various countries in Africa have experienced flood-related disasters in the recent past. The convective activities observed in Figure 3 were a result of local meteorological features where orographic forcing and vegetation cover as in Kumasi (above 286.3 m) have been established for many years by both research and local forecasters experience [33] to have significant influence on convective initiations. These conditions ahead of the system supported the westward propagation of the storm, thereby playing significant role in its kinetics. Accra and Kumasi ARF based on the 95th percentile thresholds of 45.10 and 42.16 mm, respectively. Ghana’s COVID-19 index case was reported on 12 March 2020 during the dry season and is still rising with an average active case around 63%. For best practices globally, [44] established a tasked team on the definition of extreme weather and climate events which classified heavy rainfall threshold greater than 50 mm (>50 mm/24 hr.) Accra is one of the most densely populated cities in the country, with high rural-urban migration resulting in unplanned settlements. The coast west of Accra is home to beautiful beaches and landmarks including the Elmina and Cape Coast castles. Visit the Coast . [. North Africa is part of the northern hemisphere and its seasons follow the same pattern as Europe or North America. Nawuni is predominantly a fishing community with some farmers and traders and has been experiencing perennial flooding during the peak of the rainy season in northern Ghana between September and the first week in October, coupled with the annual spillage from the Bagre Dam. The model’s configuration setup uses Betts–Miller–Janjic’s [38] convective parameterization scheme for both domains with 49 vertical levels. As the storm moved slowly westwards across the eastern coast, the cloud top temperature was observed to change from about –75°C to about –90°C (estimated using the Meteorological Product Extraction Facility (MPEF) from the Synergie), an indication of its intensification which lasted for about 8 hours (Figure 2(e)). Pls watch this video and answer for your self. However, a case study by [32] identified La Nina event in the tropical Pacific, anomalous heating in the tropical Atlantic, and enhanced activity of African easterly waves as possible causes of anomalous heavy precipitation and flooding over sub-Saharan Africa in 2007. In order to avoid some of these errors, wind shielded rain gauges are used by GMet. Generally, the quasi-static high pressure systems and their consequent effect on the ITB determine the prevailing weather within the West Africa subregion. Qualitative analysis was done using graphical representation of the thunderstorm propagation from GSMaP and global and regional model outputs results. The ET extended covering most parts of Niger (excluding the southern fringes and whole of Burkina Faso), northern half of Mali, and eastern Mauritania through to southern half of Algeria. The average amount of annual precipitation is: 810.0 mm (31.89 in) This study has shown some of the main synoptic features that produced the heavy rainfall events in Ghana and could serve as a reference for forecasters in Ghana and the West African subregion as far as forecasting heavy rainfall event is concerned. This WeatherCity Weather Forecast for Accra, Ghana is computed using a computer-generated forecast model and should be considered experimental. This study investigated the meteorological dynamics for the heavy rainfall that resulted in flood over Kumasi and Accra. Generally, the month of June is the peak of the major rainy season over southern Ghana. The Azores and St. Helena high-pressure centers for case B were 1022 hPa and 1027 hPa, respectively, as at 12 UTC. Floods in West Africa in 2009 after torrential rains affected 600,000 people in sixteen West African countries [6]. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The 2020 rainy season for the Sudanian and Sahelian zones is expected to be wetter than average. The wet season is characterized by the intensification of the St. Helena high-pressure system, which induces moisture influx into the country through the south westerly (SW) winds (maritime air mass) which is the major wind that prevails during this season. Guinea-Bissau. Meanwhile, the African Easterly Wave (AEW) troughed along Togo-Benin coast and then extended to the coast of Ghana and deepened by 18 UTC (Figures 12(b) and 12(e)). Capacity development. In case B, significant amount of moisture (RH > 80%) was also observed at the 850 hPa and the 700 hPa levels, which reflects the extent of moisture depth within the atmosphere. GSMaP satellite products. The top three highest ADMR amounts ever recorded in Accra are 243.9 mm, 212.3 mm, and 175.3 mm which occurred on the 3rd of July 1995, 3rd of June 2015, and 22nd of June 1973, respectively, while Kumasi recorded 167.9 mm, 145.8 mm, and 125.2 mm on the 21st of July 1966, 13th of June 1986, and 5th of May 1997, respectively. Situated just below the Sahara Desert and Sahel, a short rainy season lasts from May to the end of October, bringing the promise of crop cultivation and harvest. So, wind blows them down south and they come here and our rain starts and they have fertile grounds for reproduction… Considering the conditions under which this plague is developing, the likelihood of it getting to Ghana is very high, much higher.” WRF skew-T diagram showing atmospheric dynamics for case B (a) at 12 UTC and (b) at 18 UTC. For case B, the city being a coastal town and at comparatively low altitude receives run-offs from the high grounds and discharges off to the sea. Africa and for that matter, Ghana has two major seasons known as dry (harmattan) and wet (rainy) seasons. B. Omotosho, A. The time series of the ADMR variability (1961–2017) over Accra has a positive slope of 0.45 and Kumasi has a negative slope of –0.07 as shown in Figure 7. It was observed that the thunderstorm thrived under weak synoptic features, even though the moisture was enough for its survival. A Great Asset For Ghana Football: Ghanatoday.net. Rainfall amounts recorded over some stations in the east coast were 124.8 mm, 90.1 mm, and 109.0 mm at Saltpond, Accra, and Pokuase, respectively. The isobar over Ghana ranged between 1012 hPa to the north and 1014 hPa to the south (Figure 11(a)). This could be associated with the orientation of its coastline and the vegetation cover. Rainfall variability over Accra and Kumasi. It was observed that all the stations along the coast and the middle sector recorded higher rainfall amount during the peak of the major season in June than that of the minor season in October except Akim Oda and Wenchi which recorded 200 mm and 170 mm, respectively, for the major season as compared to 220 mm and 200 mm for minor peak, respectively. Mauritania. Guinea. This led to its slower movement and subsequent stagnation. A time series of annual daily maximum rainfall (ADMR) showed an increasing trend with a slope of 0.45 over Accra and a decreasing trend and a slope of –0.07 over Kumasi. It is a great challenge for city planners to control and regulate infrastructural activities in the area. The Ghana Meteorological Agency (GMet) has said the 2020 major rainy season will start from March and will last till June 2020. We will be providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID-19. The atmospheric forcing data used for the initial and lateral boundary condition of the model was the global forecasting system (GFS), which was dynamically downscaled for two domains with resolutions of 27 km and 9 km, respectively, as illustrated in Figure 5. The key conclusions from the results and analysis are presented in Section 4. Mechanisms of how the ITB and high pressure systems affect rainfall patterns over West Africa are explained in various literatures [16, 33–36]. Consecutive days of rainfall over the high grounds and the inland areas were continually drained off to the sea. Remember: The climate in Ghana in march is tolerable across the board. The second rainy season over Southern Ghana is expected from the second week of September, hence the need for the public to pay close attention to weather Part III: the quasi-biweekly zonal dipole,”, W. Ma, W. Huang, Z. Yang, B. Wang, D. Lin, and X. Since 1995, the frequency of flooding has increased in the coastal areas of Ghana [4]. Kumasi had the highest rainfall of 114.6 mm and Kwadaso, a suburb of Kumasi, had 81.0 mm. B. Klutse, J. N. A. Aryee, and K. Asare, “Comparison of rainy season onset, cessation and duration for Ghana from RegCM4 and GMet datasets,”, S. S. Vaidya and S. S. Singh, “Applying the betts-miller-janjic scheme of convection in prediction of the Indian monsoon,”, F. Mounier, S. Janicot, and G. N. Kiladis, “The west African monsoon dynamics. Two hourly precipitation intervals from 12 UTC of the 28th of June 2018 to 02 UTC of the 29th of June 2018 for case B. Results from the analysis showed that surface pressures were low with significant amount of moisture influx aiding the thunderstorms intensification, which produced 90.1 mm and 114.6 mm of rainfall over Accra and Kumasi, respectively. In their work also confirmed that intensive and unplanned human settlements in flood-prone areas played a major role in increasing flood risk in Africa as observed in most parts of Accra (e.g., Avenor and Kaneshie) and Kumasi (e.g., Buokrom and Anloga junction) [6]. It was observed that an appreciable amount of moisture (RH) above 80% at 850 hPa and the 700 hPa was within the atmosphere indicating saturation for storm formation at the 850 hPa levels (Figure 12). The 2020 rainy season for the Sudanian and Sahelian zones is expected to be wetter than average. Plots (a) and (b) and (c) and (d) for cases A and B, respectively. (a) 12 UTC and (b) 18 UTC for case A. Meteo France Arpege 0.5 MSLP charts. Low pressure centers of 1005 hPa and 999 hPa were observed, respectively, between the borders of Mauritania and Mali as well as central Chad as shown from Figure 10(b). These convective processes are influenced by the topography, vegetation cover, and water bodies as well as land surface energy fluxes. However, localized moisture convergence and mesoscale lifting could also produce a water-saturated cloud layer from which deep moist convection subsequently evolves [42]. 14 Nov, 2020 - 00:11 2020-11 ... Pre-rainy season examination; Study your house correctly before the onset of the rainy season. For 850 hPa, 700 hPa, and 200 hPa at 12 UTC ((a), (b), and (c)) and 18 UTC ((d), (e), and (f)) for case A. WRF wind speed and direction for 850 hPa, 700 hPa, and 200 hPa at 12 UTC ((a) (b), and (c)) and 18 UTC ((d), (e), and (f)) for case B. WRF skew-T diagram showing atmospheric dynamics for case A (a) at 12 UTC and (b) at 18 UTC. Table 1 summarizes the 1st and 2nd z-score ADMR values over Accra and Kumasi. The most devastating flooding event in Ghanaian history occurred on the 3rd of June 2015, when most parts of southern Ghana experienced heavy thunderstorms and rain. Kumasi (286.3 m above MSL) in the middle sector where case B flood occurred has more vegetation cover than Accra (67.7 m above MSL) where case A flood occurred. The aim of this paper is to document the meteorological conditions that led to the initiation and propagation of the weather systems that caused the heavy precipitation events in Accra and Kumasi by analyzing the synoptic and mesoscale weather charts. Advertisement . Climate services. However, the major differences between the two sectors are land cover and topography of the area, which have an influence on the rainfall pattern [37]. The south westerly winds filled a cyclonic vortex with speed between 5 and 10 kts (3–5 ms–1) located north of Benin at 12 UTC (Figure 13(a)). Understanding the dynamics of meteorological conditions and features that influence heavy rainfall will greatly improve extreme weather forecasts and help to mitigate their effect. Miller checklist of some selected parameters for severe weather adopted from Tajbakhsh et al. Most rainfall (rainy season) is seen in May and June. Normal and standardized rainfall distribution. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. The results from meteorological analysis indicate that MSLP was low with significant moisture influx for thunderstorm system growth and development. It has been established that low level convergence (i.e., at 925 hPa pressure level) of moisture and upper level divergence are good indicators for large scale precipitation [40, 41]. [32], the occurrence of heavy rainfall also depends on mesoscale and localized convective processes. The heavy rainfall events afford us the opportunity to conduct a unique case study focusing on the meteorological explanation of the causes of the event. The climate of Ghana is tropical, but temperatures vary with season and elevation. On the 18th and 28th of June 2018, heavy rains and thunderstorms caused flooding in the two biggest cities in Ghana, resulting in the deaths of 14 people, displacement of 34,076 others, and damaged properties estimated at $168,289 according to the National Disaster Management Organization (NADMO). 22.09.20 – Second Measuring Campaign in the Pilot Areas in Accra, Ghana 22/09/2020 After the beginning of the rainy season in Ghana and the resulting filling of the natural rainwater retention basins in the pilot regions of Accra, our partner Envaserv started the second measuring campaign. With determination and focus, we were able to prepare a register that recorded 17,027,641 eligible voters in just 38 days in the rainy season of Ghana,” she stated. The isobar over Ghana ranged between 1010 hPa to the north and 1012 hPa to the south (Figure 11(b)). Three hourly precipitation intervals from 09 UTC of the 18th of June to 06 UTC of the 19. The main cause of this triggering is the diurnal heating over higher elevations coupled with the moisture within the atmosphere. “This implies that Nigeria is likely to experience longer period of rainy season in 2020, compared to 2019. A great time to visit Ghana and a tourist high season as well. On the contrary, there are very few case studies focusing on the meteorological dynamics of heavy precipitation events within the rainfall season, although there are studies on the impacts such weather events have on livelihoods and society (e.g., see [8, 14]). This condition triggered both zonal and meridional expansions of the ET with the lower portions stretching and covering north (Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Guinea, and Senegal). A. Twumasi and R. Asomani-Boateng, “Mapping seasonal hazards for flood management in Accra, Ghana using GIS,” in, D. Rain, R. Engstrom, C. Ludlow, and S. Antos, “Accra Ghana: a city vulnerable to flooding and drought-induced migration: case study prepared for cities and climate change,”, C. Amoako and E. Frimpong Boamah, “The three-dimensional causes of flooding in Accra, Ghana,”, K. Appeaning Addo and M. Adeyemi, “Assessing the impact of sea-level rise on a vulnerable coastal community in Accra, Ghana,”, S. Asumadu-Sarkodie, P. A. Owusu, and M. P. C. Jayaweera, “Flood risk management in Ghana: a case study in Accra,”, S. Janicot, G. Caniaux, F. Chauvin et al., “Intraseasonal variability of the west african monsoon,”, L. Amekudzi, E. Yamba, K. Preko et al., “Variabilities in rainfall onset, cessation and length of rainy season for the various agro-ecological zones of Ghana,”, J. Graphical representation of the system supported the westward propagation of the storm finally westwards. 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