The UK Iodine Group: aiming to eradicate iodine deficiency in the UK. People can also take it as a supplement. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Berbel P, Mestre JL, Santamaria A, et al. We are a committee of experts in thyroid, nutrition and public health. Dietetic Jobs This can cause various symptoms, the most common being tiredness, weight gain, constipation, aches, dry skin and feeling cold. Moleti M, Di Bella B, Giorgianni G, et al. 2. iodine deficiency, UI and TGP, for each country for which data are available. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination, 3rd edition Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2007. While randomized controlled trials in severe iodine deficiency have shown that iodine deficiency in pregnancy causes impaired offspring cognition, less is known of the effects in regions of mild/mild-to-moderate deficiency. Iodine Global Network is a non-profit, non-government organization for the sustainable elimination of iodine deficiency worldwide. Br J Nutr 2014: E publicatation 7 January 2014; .  |  Hyperthyroidism and Iodine Deficiency Iodine is vital for the development of our brain cells and for the regulation and production of the thyroid hormones. In this disorder, production of the thyroid hormones, such as thyroxine, is suppressed. Iodine is a key component of the thyroid hormones, which are critical for healthy growth, development and metabolism. NLM Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 2014 Dec;14 Suppl 6:s7-11. Two-thirds of pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic at the University of Gondar Hospital are found with subclinical iodine deficiency, 2017. Melse-Boonstra A, Jaiswal N. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy, infancy and childhood and its consequences for brain development. Mild iodine deficiency during pregnancy could be dimming the intellect of some babies born in the UK, say researchers. … Raising concerns, Address My thyroid is subclinical hypo. 2013 May;72(2):226-35. doi: 10.1017/S0029665113001006. It is clear that iodine excess should be avoided as there may be deleterious consequences for thyroid hormone production (both hypo- and hyperthyroidism).2 The safe upper limit is approximately 600 µg/day for adults (>12 years) and pregnant women2 but individuals with chronic iodine deficiency may adversely react to levels lower than this if thyroidal adaptation to low iodine supply has occurred. Clin Med (Lond). By the early part of the 20th century a goitre belt was described that extended from the West Country and included Derbyshire – where goitre was so common it was called ‘Derbyshire neck’. Iodine deficiency is a nutritional imbalance resulting from not consuming enough iodine in your diet. 13. Iodine deficiency might be contributing to the large increase in thyroid problems being seen clinically. HHS This article was written by Dr Sarah Bath, an MRC Population Health Scientist Research Fellow at the University of Surrey who has been researching iodine in the UK since 2006. Thyroid and iodine nutritional status: a UK perspective. Read more about us and our history. The results, published in the Lancet in May 2013, showed that low iodine status during early pregnancy (urinary iodine/creatinine ratio <150 µg/g) was significantly associated with the child being in bottom quartile of scores for verbal IQ at age eight (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.09–2.30; p=0.02), reading accuracy (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.15-2.49; p=0.007) and reading comprehension (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.06-2.23; p=0.02) at age nine years following adjustment up to 21 potential confounding variables 6 this study suggests that mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency ALSPAC women was associated with long-lasting effects on child cognition. Pearce EN, Lazarus JH, Smyth PP, et al. 19. Ghassabian A, Steenweg-de Graaff J, Peeters RP, Ross HA, Jaddoe VW, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, White T, Tiemeier H. BMJ Open. About us Iodine deficiency was once common in the UK in the 1800s and early part of the 20th century. Insufficient maternal iodine intake is associated with subfecundity, reduced foetal growth, and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Zimmermann MB. Consequences of Severe Iodine Deficiency in Pregnancy: Evidence in Humans. 7) 90, P110. British Dietetic Association,  1,2, The effects of mild to moderate deficiency, however, are less well known. Delayed neurobehavioral development in children born to pregnant women with mild hypothyroxinemia during the first month of gestation: the importance of early iodine supplementation. Iodine deficiency persisted until the 1960s and was eradicated, not by the usual practice of an iodised-salt programme, but through an adventitious increase in milk-iodine concentration and concurrent increase in milk consumption.7 Milk-iodine concentration increased as a result of changes in the dairy-farming industry with increased use of iodine-fortified cattle feed and iodine-containing disinfectants (iodophors). 4. Iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones, T4 and T3, and these hormones are required for regulation of metabolic rate, growth and development. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;24(1):29-38. 2018 Oct 17;11(1):738. doi: 10.1186/s13104-018-3829-0. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2004;89(5):F436-9. Lancet 2011;377(9782):2007-12. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005520. Epub 2018 Sep 25. Maternal thyroid function in different conditions of iodine nutrition in pregnant women exposed to mild-moderate iodine deficiency: an observational study. There is a known seasonal variation in the iodine content of milk with higher levels in winter milk than summer milk as cows are more reliant on mineral-fortified feed in the winter.7 In addition organic milk has an iodine concentration that is over 40% lower than that of conventional milk.18, Table 1: Approximate iodine concentration in a range of foods17, *Actual iodine content will vary ‡Lower iodine concentration for organic Takele WW, Alemayehu M, Derso T, Tariku A. BMC Res Notes. Birmingham, Maternal urinary iodine concentration in pregnancy and children's cognition: results from a population-based birth cohort in an iodine-sufficient area. You should be able to get all the iodine you need by eating a varied and balanced diet. Nutrients. Iodine concentration of organic and conventional milk: implications for iodine intake. 1. WHO, UNICEF, ICCIDD. Database on Iodine Deficiency Data by country based on goitre prevalence and/or urinary iodine Iodine status worldwide Report on global estimates of IDD. Membership for the whole dietetic profession, Introduction to Nutrition and Cancer - Classroom course. In the 1800s, iodine deficiency was historically common in the UK. B3 2TA Bath SC, Button S, Rayman MP. UK women who might become pregnant should ensure they have adequate iodine status to avoid compromising their children's brain development. Though the UK has long been considered to be iodine sufficient, there is increasing concern that this is no longer the case, particularly in women of childbearing age and pregnant women. Vanderpump MP, Lazarus JH, Smyth PP, et al. eCollection 2020. 15. Adequate iodine intake is important during pregnancy as it is a component of the thyroid hormones that are crucial for fetal brain and neurological development. As pregnancy is the most critical time for brain development, we evaluated iodine status in pregnant women in Surrey (n = 100) and Oxford (n = 230). If you compare a list of iodine deficiency symptoms, and a list of hypo symptoms, you will find they are more or less the same The UK population is now classified as mildly iodine-insufficient. 7 Individuals with thyroid disease or those who have experienced iodine deficiency over many years should speak to their GP before taking additional iodine. 3. Goitre (the physical symptom of iodine deficiency) was found in several regions – including the South West, Wales and the Peak District. 18. Milk and dairy products are the principal source of iodine in the UK; other rich sources include seafood and eggs. 12. Most salt on sale in the UK is not iodised19 and iodised salt is not used in food processing. There is an increase the requirement of maternal iodine during pregnancy to supply thyroid hormones essential for … Iodine is water soluble. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. If your diet alone is not supplying enough iodine, you may want to consider adding an iodine supplement. In fact, the country now ranks seventh among the ten most iodine-defi cient nationsin the world, one of only two high-income countries on the list. Iodine deficiency is best corrected by a healthy diet. There are only two iodine intervention studies that have been conducted in pregnant women in regions of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency with child cognitive outcomes;3,4 both studies found that iodine supplementation benefitted child cognition though the results should be interpreted with caution as unfortunately neither study was randomised nor placebo controlled. Effect of inadequate iodine status in UK pregnant women on cognitive outcomes in their children: results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). If you take iodine supplements, do not take too much as this could be harmful. Proc Nutr Soc. The scientists found, however, iodine was “markedly lower” among the vegans, with a third having levels below the World Health Organization’s (WHO) threshold for “severe deficiency”. Many dairy-milk substitutes (e.g. to facilitate the 50% surge in thyroid hormone production in early pregnancy. The UK iodine requirements were set in 1991 and are now outdated, therefore World Health Organisation (WHO) requirements for iodine1 are used in this article. And, iodine will not fix it, either, only make the problem worse. Br J Nutr 2012;107(7):935-40. 8. Proc Nutr Soc 2012;71:E143. **Depending on the season, higher value in winter. 17. There is considerably more focus and interest in iodine in the UK than in the past 50 years or so but iodine remains a nutrient that many health professionals are unaware of and is often overlooked. We’ve known since 2011 that the UK population is mildly iodine defi cient. Barnett C, Visser T, Williams F, et al. Iodine, milk, and the elimination of endemic goitre in Britain: the story of an accidental public health triumph. They include swelling in the neck, pregnancy-related issues, weight gain and learning difficulties. MC_PC_15018/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom, MR/K02132X/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011;74(6):762-8. Diet and Lifestyle Before and During Pregnancy - Practical Recommendations of the Germany-wide Healthy Start - Young Family Network. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95(7):3207-15. Iodine is a difficult element to get naturally in the diet, which is why much of the world has addressed iodine deficiency by fortifying foods and providing iodized salt – but iodine deficiency clearly persists in populations and it is Environ Geochem Health. Iodine status of UK women of childbearing age. Epub 2013 May 22. Iodine deficiency disorders The 'iodine deficiency disorders' are largely the result of an inadequate production of thyroid hormones. 151-165 Edmund Street, Iodine deficiency in the U.K.: an overlooked cause of impaired neurodevelopment? NIH Iodine status of UK schoolgirls: a cross-sectional survey. Vegans, Vegetarians, and Omnivores: How Does Dietary Choice Influence Iodine Intake? Bath SC, Steer CD, Golding J, Emmett PM, Rayman MP. Evidence suggests that women who have a good supply of iodine prior to conception have a better thyroid hormone profile during pregnancy than those who abruptly increase their iodine intake at the start of pregnancy.16, In view of the evidence of iodine deficiency in certain groups of the population and the fact that there is very little information on iodine available to health professionals or the general public, Professor Rayman and I have produced a BDA Iodine Food Fact Sheet.17. Here’s a List of Reasons Why Iodine Is Essential for Health. Public Health Nutr 2013:E-Pub 16 Jan. © 2020 content and site imagery designed by the British Dietetic Association. Keywords: 16. Bath SC, Walter A, Taylor A, Wright J, Rayman MP. The recommended iodine intake for adults (>12 years) is 150 µg/day.1 (see references below) During pregnancy and lactation, the requirement for iodine rises from 150 to 250 µg of iodine per day.1  The requirement is higher in pregnancy for three reasons: Ensuring an adequate supply of iodine during lactation is essential as breast milk iodine concentration reflects maternal iodine intake and brain development continues in the postnatal period. Lampropoulou M, Lean M, Combet Aspray E. Iodine status of women of childbearing age in Scotland. 6. soya milk) are not enriched with iodine. Recent research has revealed that some UK populations are now mild to moderately iodine deficient 3,4,5,6 and that this level of deficiency may come with risks to child cognitive development. In the absence of official guidance, UK women of childbearing age should ensure that iodine requirements are met, ideally prior to conception, to optimise thyroidal stores, and iodine deficiency should particularly be avoided during pregnancy and lactation. The negative health effects of iodine deficiency on health and human development are well documented. The median urinary iodine concentration was 85.3 μg/L in Surrey women, considerably lower than the WHO/United Nations Children's Fund/International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders cut-off of 150 μg/L. In the UK and other developed countries, there is more concern about the effects of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency. There is evidence that certain groups of the UK population, particularly pregnant women and women of childbearing age, are iodine deficient which is therefore of considerable public-health concern. 11. Iodine deficiency is associated with goitre and hypothyroidism; in England this is sometimes known as Derbyshire Neck. It is important to note that there is no method for diagnosing iodine deficiency in an individual; urinary iodine concentration can be used to assess the status of a group or population, but it is inappropriate for use in an individual. A sufficient intake of iodine during pregnancy is vital for the brain and neurological development of the fetus which is dependent on the action of thyroid hormones. Iodine deficiency. Effect of iodine prophylaxis during pregnancy on neurocognitive development of children during the first two years of life. Without sufficient dietary iodine many of our body’s systems and functions (particularly the thyroid) will operate below par, and a prolonged deficiency will cause disease. Bath SC, Steer CD, Golding J, Emmett P, Rayman MP. Koletzko B, Cremer M, Flothkötter M, Graf C, Hauner H, Hellmers C, Kersting M, Krawinkel M, Przyrembel H, Röbl-Mathieu M, Schiffner U, Vetter K, Weißenborn A, Wöckel A. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. Our Volunteer Hub is full of tools and resources to help our wonderful team of over 350 volunteers. Kibirige MS, Hutchison S, Owen CJ, Delves HT. 2015 Aug;37(4):619-29. doi: 10.1007/s10653-015-9682-3. Availability of iodised table salt in the UK – is it likely to influence population iodine intake? A Systematic Review.  |  The UK’s iodine-defi ciency problem is one such issue. We investigated whether that level of iodine deficiency was associated with adverse child cognitive effects using stored samples and data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort. 3rd Floor Interchange Place, Between the 1950s and the 1980s, iodine intake increased three-fold and was sufficient to eradicate goitre; 7 it was subsequently assumed that iodine deficiency was not a problem in the UK. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94(9):3234-41. Severe iodine deficiency is known to cause cretinism, a condition characterised by severe learning disability and deafness.2. Kelp supplements should not be used as an iodine source and should not be recommended to pregnant women owing to the risk of excessive iodine intake.2. Iodine deficiency can lead to swelling of the thyroid gland (goitre) and to an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). There are several studies that relate mild thyroid hormone deficiency in pregnancy to a negative effect on child cognitive development5 but these studies have not measured iodine status during pregnancy and therefore, until recently, the effect of in utero mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency on child cognition has been relatively unexplored. The United Kingdom is now classified as mildly iodine deficient by the World Health Organization, based on a 2011 national study of 14-15-year-old schoolgirls. 10. Iodine deficiency is diagnosed across populations and not specifically in individuals. Proc Nut Soc 2008;67:E399. Lancet 2013:doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60436-5. Proper thyroid function – metabolism and cognitive health Strong and focused immune system Iodine is central to the functioning of the thyroid gland and the production of its hormones. USA.gov. Bath SC, Rayman MP. A review of the iodine status of UK pregnant women and its implications for the offspring. Oxford women had similarly low status. to cover potential increased renal loss of iodine during pregnancy and; to supply iodine to the fetus to produce its own thyroid hormones after the onset of thyroid function in mid-gestation. Your thyroid may then increase in size in order to trap iodine – this swelling, or “goitre”, may be visible in The approximate iodine content of a range of foods is shown in Table 1. In hypothyroidism, there is a reduced level of thyroid hormone (thyroxine) in the body. In the Peak District, it was so common it was called Derbyshire neck. BMC Med. 2018 Dec;78(12):1262-1282. doi: 10.1055/a-0713-1058. Adequate levels of iodine during pregnancy are essential for fetal neurodevelopment, and mild iodine deficiency is … 2020 Jun 19;11:409. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00409. 2020 May 29;12(6):1606. doi: 10.3390/nu12061606. Goitre develops at low iodine intakes and this hyperplasia of the thyroid is an adaptive response to low iodine supply by increasing the iodine-trapping potential of the thyroid. People who … Iodine deficiency in pregnant women living in the South-East of the UK: the influence of diet and nutritional supplements on iodine status. Epub 2015 Feb 7. Bath S, Button S, Rayman MP. Anyone who completely avoids dairy products and fish or consumes them in limited quantities is at risk of iodine deficiency. Taking 0.5mg or less a day of iodine supplements is unlikely to cause any harm. 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